The second subparagraph of Article 13(1) of Council Directive 2006/112/EEC must be interpreted as meaning that where, under the national law of a Member State, road tolls may be and actually are collected both by bodies governed by public law and by private bodies, the bodies governed by public law must be treated as taxable persons for VAT purposes, on account of significant distortions of competition, even if there is no real possibility of direct competition between roads on which tolls are collected by a body governed by public law and those on which they are collected by a private body.